DN's, and other data in Version 3 LDAP directories is supposed to be UTF-8 encoded ISO 10646 characters. Whose responsibility is it to convert and encode the characters? That is, if I'm writing an application, do I pass encoded data to the API, or should the API do the conversion? Gary D. Williams SAS Institute Inc Gary.Williams@sas.com SAS Campus Dr. (919)677-8000 x4059 Cary, NC 27513